Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate the variations in thermal and chemical characteristics of juvenile Eucalyptus grandis wood submitted to a deterioration test by Nasutitermes termites. For this purpose, a biodeterioration test with termites was conducted according to ASTM D 3345 (2008), in which, after the end of the period corresponding to the test (40 days), we evaluated the mass loss, chemical composition and thermal stability of the main components of the deteriorated wood samples and those belonging to the control group. We found that deterioration due to exposure of the samples to Nasutitermes sp. termites caused a mass loss of 66,88% for wood with a density at 12% moisture content of 412 kg/m3. The quantitative chemical composition showed a reduction in the contents of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. Analysis of the variations of the organic functional groups related to the chemical composition of the wood by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy and relative intensity of the spectral bands also showed reductions, demonstrating homogeneous deterioration of the main components of the deteriorated woods. The thermal stability showed an increase in deteriorated wood for most of the temperature ranges, mainly for those that corresponded to losses in moisture and volatiles (25 °C - 100 °C), hemicelluloses (240 °C - 300 °C), celluloses, and together with initial lignin degradation (310 °C to 400 °C), possibly due to the removal of cellulose and hemicellulose, as well as the deposition of substances expelled by the termites in the cell wall. From the results, we conclude that the termites do not have specificity regarding the chemical component and that the deterioration caused variations in the chemical composition of the wood, whereas the opposite was observed for thermal stability, which presented an increase in most of the temperatures ranges for the deteriorated woods compared to the control group.

RESUMO O interesse pela síntese de nanopartículas utilizando extratos vegetais vem crescendo nas últimas décadas, devido a não geração de resíduos de químicos tóxicos e condições mais brandas de síntese. O Brasil é um dos líderes em florestas plantadas, principalmente do gênero Eucalyptus, em razão disso o objetivo deste trabalho foi sintetizar nanopartículas de óxido de zinco utilizando extrato etanólico das folhas de Eucalyptus dunnii. As folhas foram secas e moídas para obtenção de pó, 10 g deste foram adicionadas em 100 mL de álcool etílico, a solução foi mantida em banho-maria a 80 ºC por 75 min, a solução foi filtrada para obtenção do extrato. Para a síntese utilizou-se 20 mL de extrato e 1,57 g de acetato de zinco, a solução foi mantida a 80 ºC sob agitação magnética vigorosa por 20 min, transcorrido o tempo foi realizado tratamento térmico em mufla a 500 ºC por 2h. As nanopartículas obtidas apresentaram característica cristalina e diâmetro médio de 32,24 nm. O espectro FTIR do extrato apresentou diversos picos relacionados a compostos redutores capazes de realizar a síntese, enquanto o espectro das nanopartículas demonstrou que mesmo após a calcinação, ainda se detecta a presença de compostos orgânicos que podem ser responsáveis pela estabilização das mesmas. Sendo assim, o extrato etanólico de E. dunnii possui capacidade redutora para realizar a síntese de nanopartículas cristalinas de óxido de zinco.

ABSTRACT The interest in the synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts has been growing in recent decades due to the non-generation of toxic chemical residues and bland synthesis conditions. Brazil is one of the leaders in planted forests, mainly of the genus Eucalyptus, because of this the objective of this work was to synthesize nanoparticles of zinc oxide using ethanolic extract of the leaves of Eucalyptus dunnii. The leaves were dried and ground to obtain powder, 10 g of this was added in 100 ml of ethyl alcohol, the solution was kept in a water bath at 80 °C for 75 min, the solution was filtered to obtain the extract. For the synthesis 20 mL of extract and 1.57 g of zinc acetate were used, the solution was maintained at 80 ºC under vigorous magnetic stirring for 20 min, after which the heat treatment was carried out in a muffle at 500 ºC for 2 h. The obtained nanoparticles presented crystalline characteristic and average diameter of 32,24 nm. The FTIR spectrum of the extract showed several peaks related to reducing compounds capable of performing the synthesis, while the spectrum of the nanoparticles showed that even after calcination, the presence of organic compounds that can be responsible for their stabilization is still detected. Thus, the ethanolic extract of E. dunnii has a reducing capacity to perform the synthesis of crystalline na-noparticles of zinc oxide.

RESUMO O Pinus elliottii Engelm. possui uma vasta possibilidade de aplicações, porém, apresenta características indesejáveis às quais podem ser atenuadas com a adoção dos tratamentos de termorretificação e a furfurilação. Assim, este trabalho analisou a influência que os tratamentos de furfurilição e termorretificação exerceram em propriedades tecnológicas da madeira de Pinus elliottii. Para tanto, confeccionaram-se corpos de prova com dimensões de 15 x 15 x 250 mm (tangencial, radial e longitudinal), distribuídos igualmente em 5 tratamentos: controle, furfurilação com carga de 25% de álcool furfurílico (T F25%) e termorretificação em diferentes temperaturas (T 180°C, T 200°C e T 220°C). Avaliaram-se a variação da massa (ΔM) segundo adaptação da norma ASTM D 2017 (2005), à massa específica aparente ao teor de umidade de 12% (ρ12%), os módulos de elasticidade (MOE) e ruptura (MOR) obtidos pelo ensaio de flexão estática conforme a norma ASTM D 143 (2014), e a variação colorimétrica da madeira em conformidade com as recomendações do sistema CIE-L*a*b*. Verificou-se que o tratamento com furfurol provocou: aumentos significativos na massa, ρ12%, MOR, e causou o escurecimento da madeira, não afetando significativamente o MOE, em 5% de probabilidade de erro. Os tratamentos de termorretificação afetaram significativamente a perda de massa, contudo a maior diferença foi observada no tratamento T 220°C, o qual acarretou redução significativa no MOR em relação ao grupo controle, destacando-se que tal tratamento deixou a madeira com coloração semelhante aquela adquirida pela madeira tratada com furfurol. Conclui-se que ambos os tratamentos causaram o escurecimento da madeira de Pinus elliottii agregando assim valor estético, sendo que o tratamento à base de furfurol, com carga de 25%, ocasionou melhora nas propriedades tecnológicas da madeira. Apesar dos tratamentos de termorretificação terem aumentado o MOE, geraram perda de massa significativa, principalmente nos tratamentos mais agressivos, comprometendo assim possíveis usos da madeira com finalidade estrutural.

ABSTRACT The Pinus elliottii Engelm. has a wide range of applications, but it has undesirable characteristics that can be attenuated with the adoption of thermal rectification and furfurylation treatments. Thus, this work analyzed the influence of two treatments of modification, furfurilatyon and thermal rectification, in technological properties of Pinus elliottii Engelm. wood. For this, samples with dimensions of 15 x 15 x 250 mm (tangential, radial and longitudinal) were prepared, distributed equally among 5 treatments: control, furfurylation with 25% loading of furfuryl alcohol (T F25 %) and thermortification at different temperatures (T 180 ° C, T 200 ° C and T 220 ° C). It were evaluated the mass loss (PM) according to ASTM D 2017 (2005), specific gravity at 12% moisture content (ρ12%), elastic modulus (MOE) and rupture (MOR) by performing the static bending test in accordance with ASTM D 143 (2014), and wood color variation in accordance with the CIE-L*a*b* system recommendations. It was verified that the treatment with furfurol caused: significant increases in the mass, ρ12%, MOR, and caused the wood darkening, not significantly affecting the MOE, in 5% probability of error. The thermal rectification treatments significantly affected the mass loss, however the highest difference was observed in the T 220 ° C treatment, which caused a significant reduction on MOR in relation to the control group, highlighting that such treatment left the wood with coloration similar to that obtained by wood treated with furfurol. It's concluded that both treatments caused darkening of Pinus elliottii wood, thus adding aesthetic value, being that the furfurol treatment with a 25% load caused an improvement on technological properties of wood. In spite of the thermal rectification treatments increased the MOE, they generated significant mass loss, mainly in the more aggressive treatments, thus compromising possible uses of the wood with structural purpose.